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Ở Việt Nam, làm đồ gốm thường được nhắc đến như một hoạt động vui chơi giải trí nhẹ nhàng – thường là thử một lần cho biết chứ ít người theo đuổi gốm như một sở thích lâu dài. Nói đến đồ gốm, thường mọi người sẽ nhắc đến những tên tuổi truyền thống như Bát Tràng, Minh Long; chưa có nhiều nghệ sĩ chuyên làm hay bán đồ gốm dù chỉ với số lượng nhỏ hay mang dấu ấn cá nhân một cách rõ ràng, mạnh mẽ trên sản phẩm của mình. Thời gian qua tôi có cơ hội học về đồ gốm, và càng hiểu về gốm tôi càng thấy thú vị và bị cuốn hút bởi môn nghệ thuật này. Tôi muốn chia sẻ những trải nghiệm của mình với các bạn ở Việt Nam muốn hiểu thêm về gốm; và chỉ vì lí do này tôi đã set up thêm cho trang web của Đất Sét phiên bản tiếng Việt. Tôi sẽ cố gắng đăng các bài blog một cách có hệ thống và thường xuyên – vì đây cũng là một cách hiệu quả để tổ chức lại những điều tôi học được về gốm. Tôi cũng muốn lưu ý rằng trên trang blog tiếng Việt của Đất Sét, nếu trong quá trình tra cứu, đối chiếu nguồn thông tin tiếng Việt, tôi không tìm thấy hoặc không biết thuật ngữ tiếng Việt phù hợp, tôi sẽ sử dụng tiếng Anh. Các bạn có thể góp ý hoặc đề xuất thuật ngữ bằng cách comment vào bài viết này.
Trong bài đầu tiên này tôi sẽ chia sẻ một vài tóm tắt ngắn gọn về đất sét – nguyên liệu chính để làm đồ gốm. Đất sét là nguyên liệu tự nhiên thô sơ, căn bản nhất của đồ gốm. Người làm đồ gốm có thể dùng đất sét 100% tự nhiên, hoặc đất sét công nghiệp – là đất được pha trộn từ nguyên liệu thô theo những tỉ lệ nhất định. Các tỉ lệ khác nhau sẽ cho ra các loại gốm khác nhau:
- Khác nhau về màu: gốm có thể có nhiều màu: từ trắng, ngà, vàng đất, cho đến xám, đen, đỏ tươi, cam, đỏ nâu đất.
- Khác nhau về mục đích sử dụng: nặn 100% bằng tay, đất sét lỏng đổ khuôn, đất sét dùng trên bàn xoay, đất sét dùng cho điêu khắc, v.v.
- Khác nhau ở các tính chất vật lý khác: độ dẻo (plasticity), độ co (shrinkage)
- Khác nhau về nhiệt độ chín: Mỗi loại gốm có nhiệt độ chín khác nhau (maturity temperature), nhiệt độ chín là nhiệt độ mà ở đó đất sét trở nên cứng nhất, “đặc” nhất sau khi trải qua cả quá trình nung nóng từ nhiệt độ thường cho tới nhiệt độ chín. Nếu chỉ được nung dưới nhiệt độ chín, gốm sẽ yếu và xốp – có thể bị thấm nước. Nếu quá nhiệt độ chín, gốm có thể bị cong, vênh và biến dạng do các liên kết hoá học trong gốm bị phá huỷ hoàn toàn.
- Sản phẩm cuối cùng cũng khác nhau về độ cứng (hardness), độ đặc (density), độ trong – khả năng cho ánh sáng đi qua (translucence), v.v.
Có nhiều cách để phân loại đất sét, nhưng có lẽ phổ biến nhất cho những người làm đồ gốm thủ công trong studio (studio potter) là cách phân loại dựa trên nhiệt độ chín của đất:
- Sành (tiếng Anh: earthenware): nhiệt độ chín ở khoảng 1000-1180 độ C.
- Gốm (tiếng Anh: stoneware): nhiệt độ chín ở khoảng 1200 – 1300 C
- Sứ (tiếng Anh: porcelain): 1240 – 1350 C
Theo như phản hồi của một bạn khán giả sau khi đọc bài viết này, tôi hiểu thêm rằng ở Việt Nam việc phân biệt sành, gốm, sứ còn có thể dựa trên chức năng của sản phẩm thay vì dựa trên nhiệt độ chín. Ở Việt Nam, đôi khi khi nung gốm thủ công người làm gốm không dùng những lò nung đọc được nhiệt độ nên việc phân loại dựa trên nhiệt độ không phổ biến. Thay vào đó, những sản phẩm nào không tráng men – để nước thấm qua thì được coi là gốm như chậu cây, lu, khạp, v.v. Còn bát, chén, bình hoa, những sản phẩm được tráng men thì được coi là sành.
Tôi giữ nguyên hai cách phân loại này trong bài viết này để các bạn tham khảo.
Loại đất sét nào càng được nung ở nhiệu độ cao thì sản phẩm cuối cùng càng cứng và càng nặng. Sành là loại gốm nhẹ nhất, và thường dễ vỡ nhất. Sành hay được sử dụng để làm đồ dùng ở ngoài trời, như chậu cây, vại nước. Màu phổ biến nhất của sành là màu đỏ nâu – từ nhạt đến đậm (nhưng cũng có những loại sành khác màu trắng hoặc xám). Gốm cứng hơn, phổ biến hơn và hay được dùng nhất cho những người thích tạo sản phẩm 100% bằng tay (handbuild). Gốm có màu phổ biến là màu hơi trắng ngà hoặc hơi ngả sang màu be, tuy nhiên cũng có những loại gốm trắng, xám, đỏ, thậm chí là đen. Sứ là loại gốm cứng nhất; khi đạt được đến độ mỏng nhất định, ánh sáng có thể đi qua chất liệu này. Màu phổ biến nhất của sứ là màu trắng lạnh, cũng có loại sứ màu đen nhưng việc sử dụng gốm đen tương đối hiếm gặp vì thường làm đồ gốm/sứ muốn tận dụng tính chất nổi bật và đặc thù của sứ đó là bề mặt bóng, trắng trong và tinh khiết.
Trong bài blog tiếp theo tôi sẽ chia sẻ về các phong cách làm đồ gốm, và cách chọn, phân loại gốm dựa trên những phong cách này.
Về blogger Thương Trần – tác giả của bài viết này – click để xem thêm thông tin
Mình muốn học kỷ thuật làm chậu gốm Nhật Bản ,bạn giúp được không ?
Chị ơi, em đang tìm hiểu về công thức tạo ra đất để rót khuôn thạch cao nhưng chưa tìm được tài liệu. Mong chị chia sẻ về chủ đề này ạ.
Nhiệt độ chín của gốm sứ gọi là hoàn nguyên. I live in Hai Duong city where there was the biggest porcelain company. My parents were the workers there, so I know much about it.
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